lunes, 21 de mayo de 2007

New biofuel from wood developed at University of Georgia

A team of University of Georgia researchers has developed a new biofuel derived from wood chips. Unlike previous fuels derived from wood, the new and still unnamed fuel can be blended with biodiesel and petroleum diesel to power conventional engines.

“We expect to reduce the price of producing fuels from biomass dramatically with this technique,” said Tom Adams, director of the UGA Faculty of Engineering outreach service.

Adams, whose findings are detailed in the early online edition of the American Chemical Society journal Energy and Fuels, explained that scientists have long been able to derive oils from wood, but they had been unable to process it effectively or inexpensively so that it can be used in conventional engines. The researchers have developed a new chemical process, which they are working to patent, that inexpensively treats the oil so that it can be used in unmodified diesel engines or blended with biodiesel and petroleum diesel.

Here’s how the process works: Wood chips and pellets – roughly a quarter inch in diameter and six-tenths of an inch long – are heated in the absence of oxygen at a high temperature, a process known as pyrolysis. Up to a third of the dry weight of the wood becomes charcoal, while the rest becomes a gas. Most of this gas is condensed into a liquid bio-oil and chemically treated. When the process is complete, about 34 percent of the bio-oil (or 15 to 17 percent of the dry weight of the wood) can be used to power engines. The researchers are currently working to improve the process to derive even more oil from the wood.

Although the new biofuel has performed well, Adams said further tests are needed to assess its long-term impact on engines, its emissions characteristics and the best way to transport and store it.

Green science: Biofuels and the Future of the environment

The rising prices of petroleum fuel have pushed alternative fuels such as biodiesel and bioethanol into the spotlight. Despite their rising popularity, many seem to misunderstood what biofuel is.

Unlike traditional fossil-based fuels such as diesel and gasoline, biofuels are environmentally friendly, renewable fuel. As the name implies, biofuels are extracted from plants -- biodiesel is typically made from new or used vegetable oils and animal fats, while ethanol is made from any plant life rich in sugar, like corn and sugar cane.

Currently available biofuel offerings on the market use a blend of biodiesel or ethanol with traditional petroleum fuel. For example, biodiesel is typically made up of 20 percent biofuel and 80 percent petroleum, called B20 fuel. Bioethanol blends are made with 5 to 10 percent ethanol.

For its Bio Pertamax, Pertamina uses 5 percent of ethanol. In this sense, biofuels can be regarded as additives rather than replacements for fossil-based fuels such as petroleum.

However, much higher blends of biofuel exist that can be considered "real" alternatives for petroleum.

Neat biodiesel, or B100, is made entirely from biodiesel, while ethanol-based biofuels such as E85 and E95 use 85 percent and 95 percent ethanol, respectively.

Such high-level blends will certainly reduce significantly the world's dependence on fossil-based fuels; however, they are not without drawbacks.

Ethanol is much more corrosive and burns at lower combustion temperatures than traditional gasoline. The corrosive nature of ethanol and biodiesel means cars -- or engines in general -- must use additional protection to prevent damage to fuel-related systems if they use high biofuel blends.

With lower blends (10 percent for ethanol and 20 percent for biodiesel), engines and fuel systems do not need the additional protection. Due to its lower combustion temperature, gasoline engines still need a 15 percent blend of gasoline; otherwise, the engines will fail on a cold start.

However, diesel engines are much better suited for low-burn temperature fuel, making E95 a better choice for diesel engines.

It is also true that biofuel generally produces less energy than petroleum, meaning slightly lower mileage for users. This is because traditional gasoline and diesel engines are built without biofuels in mind.

Biodiesels have more oxygen content than traditional diesel, while ethanol-based biofuels have more octane but a lower combustion temperature. Biofuel-aware engines such as flexible fuel vehicle (FFV) engines in newer cars should have no problems with E85 for gasoline engines or in the case of biodiesel, neat biodiesel for diesel engines.

These two characteristics of biofuels actually have a positive effect -- a more efficient combustion, which means less pollution. So the use of biofuels should help the current energy crisis and even protect the environment.

Various studies show that neat biodiesel reduces carbon dioxide emissions by more than 75 percent compared to petroleum diesel. Using B20 biodiesel reduces carbon dioxide emissions by 15 percent.

Tests at the National Center for Vehicle Emissions Control and Safety at Colorado State University document a 25 to 30 percent reduction in carbon monoxide emissions when automobiles burn a 10 percent blend of ethanol.

Let's not forget the economic impact on farms and the national workforce.

The different characteristics of biofuels do present new challenges for distribution and storage.

Such facilities must be vigilant about water produced either from condensation due to cold weather or seepage. Rust, microbes and other deposits sticking to the insides of a fuel tank or container detach more easily with biofuel.

A high enough buildup will lead to blockage in fuel systems and failed starts in engines. Of course, this doesn't just affect cars and engines -- it also means fuel pumps and gas stations must invest in new pumps, storage tanks and other equipment.

In fact, Indonesia's entire fuel distribution pipeline will likely require an upgrade to be biofuel-ready.

Biofuel certainly has the potential to replace traditional petroleum -- a clean, renewable energy upon which we can all depend.

At this time, biofuel contribution to the country's energy consumption is still very small.

For biofuel to gain widespread use, the necessary infrastructure -- more FFVs on the market, upgraded biofuel-ready supply and distribution channels, including a quality standard on biofuels -- must be in place.

A paper written by Soni Solistia Wirawan and Armansyah H. Tambunan of the Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT) titled The Current Status and Prospects of Biodiesel Development also cites other necessary steps. These concern "how to accelerate the construction of new biodiesel plants, plantations as a key driver in the continuity of raw material, which is supported by committed government policy and regulation. This implies all biodiesel stakeholders should work harder for the success of the biodiesel program in Indonesia".

Such a project will likely be costly, but the rewards would be well worth the effort. Biofuels are not just a solution to our energy problem, but also a long-term environmental solution.


Economists foresee bleak growth in biodiese

Willie Nelson may want to stick to his music. Biodiesel, the fuel additive that the singer has tried to make famous, is eating the dust of corn ethanol.

Biodiesel is made primarily from soybean oil, and the price of soybeans is up as farmers put more and more land into production of corn, the more lucrative crop of the two.

That is cutting the profit out of biodiesel production and could stunt the industry's growth for a long time to come.

A new study by economists at Iowa State University suggests the biodiesel market won't grow substantially unless the government requires its usage or adds more subsidies.

"In our projections, we can't see why anyone would build a biodiesel plant right now unless you are speculating on a biodiesel mandate," says Bruce Babcock, director of Iowa State's Center for Agricultural and Rural Development.

Even an increase in petroleum prices, which raises the price of gasoline and conventional diesel, wouldn't help much. Farmers would plant still more corn and fewer soybeans. And that shift, from corn to soybeans, pushes up the price of soybeans further, making biodiesel production even dicier.

Biodiesel producers are finding it harder to raise money for new plants, and some planned refineries may not be built, said Jeff Stroburg, chief executive of Renewable Energy Group Inc. of Ralston.

His company operates five biodiesel plants, and they are still making a profit, he said. Three more plants are under construction in Washington, Farley and Algona.

Development leaders hope Renewable Energy Group's newest plant, in Newton, will help cushion the blow as Maytag winds down operations there.

"If we're going to continue to grow this industry and benefit society in the way it will, certainly additional (government) incentives would help," he said.

Renewable Energy Group's plants are now running nearly at capacity. Production typically slows down in the winter because there is less demand for biodiesel then, he said.

The ISU study sees U.S. corn ethanol production growing over the next 10 years to 15 billion gallons a year, triple last year's production, under current economic projections. Ethanol production could double, to 30 billion gallons, if oil prices are $10 a barrel higher than projected, the economists say.

Biodiesel production would reach just 500 million gallons a year, twice last year's sales and about 1 percent of U.S. diesel consumption, even with the higher petroleum prices.

The study was funded by the U.S. Agriculture Department as well as agribusiness and food interests.

The economics of biodiesel are heavily dependent on the price of the feedstock, whether it is vegetable oil, animal fats or waste restaurant grease, which accounts for 80 percent of the cost of production.

Producers are struggling to break even at the current cost of soybean oil, more than 30 cents a pound, economists say.

The U.S. industry also is being squeezed from other directions:

- Europe is moving as aggressively in biodiesel production as the United States is in ethanol, another factor in rising global prices for vegetable oil. (Germany alone produced nearly 700 million gallons of biodiesel last year.)

- A recent Bush administration ruling means that U.S. refiners can use vegetable oil or animal fats in their diesel production and qualify for the $1-a-gallon tax credit that had exclusively gone to biodiesel. ConocoPhillips has already announced a deal to make diesel from fats generated by Tyson Foods' many slaughterhouses.

Monte Shaw, executive director of the Iowa Renewable Fuels Association, acknowledges that the profit margins are thin in biodiesel, but he's more bullish about its future.

"There is the belief that the world market has the capacity of freeing up a lot of feedstock for biodiesel when the demand hits," he said.

Iowa has 10 biodiesel plants with a production capacity of 167.5 million gallons a year, according to Shaw's group. Four additional plants now under construction can produce 150 million gallons annually.

Biodiesel producers are asking Congress to authorize a 43-cent-a-gallon subsidy to go with the $1-a-gallon tax credit for biodiesel that lawmakers enacted in 2004.

Additionally, two Republican congressmen, Tim Walberg of Michigan and Phil Gingrey of Georgia, have introduced legislation that would require U.S. diesel to contain 2 percent biodiesel.

But the prospects in Congress for new biodiesel incentives are not clear. Both the Bush administration and lawmakers are focused on targeting additional subsides and usage mandates to cellulosic ethanol, which would be made from crop residue, forestry waste and perennial grasses, not biodiesel.

"Hopefully, we will be successful by the end of the day," said Larry Schafer, who advises the National Biodiesel Board.

Nelson, who markets his own brand of biodiesel called BioWillie, likes to call the fuel a "light at the end of the tunnel" for farmers.

If the economists are right it will be a long tunnel.

Jatropha - Not Guilty, North Carolina Biodiesel Legislation, Named Destiny

I learned this week via the biofuels.coop blog that North Carolina legislators have proposed to narrow the definition that the state will apply to the term "biodiesel". Changing the definition of "biodiesel" to match ASTM D6751 may seem like a good idea, but it is actually just North Carolina legislature shooting themselves (and their state) in the foot. The EPA has created very clear guidelines (but with provisions for flexibility as the science and technology may change in the future) as to what constitutes a fuel that meets their "renewable fuel standard". Obviously existing biodiesel producers are likely to herald this as landmark exemplary legislation, but by trying to narrow the strict definition of "biodiesel" to only the "Fatty Acid Methyl Ester" type just eliminates a lot of other productive and constructive methods that can meet fuel needs while enhancing the environment. Creating a disincentive to these other forms of renewable diesel is just likely to cause alternative fuel makers to shun North Carolina because of such a discriminatory practice.

Now, admittedly, my company is one that has a horse in this race. We remain flexible but we are aiming primarily at converting various forms of manure as well as municipal sewage sludge into renewable diesel. We have no particular plans to develop an operation in North Carolina in the foreseeable future, but why would we want to establish a facility where our kind of diesel is legally considered a "second class" product with respect to favorable legislative treatment?

I would recommend that NC legislators consider simply adopting the federal standard as set forth in the EPA rule making published recently, and thus maintain a level playing field with the rest of the states with respect to the prospect of attracting other renewable (green) fuel producers. It is nice to be able to help your friends, but one needs to be careful that one doesn't disadvantage one's self from one's neighbors in the process.

I would like to offer some praise for the H2003 bill that marks taxes proportionate to BTU content as a very sensible move. Taxing based on volume alone is an overly simplistic method that again creates a non-level playing field. I don't know that the ratio proposed of 71% for E85 is precise, but the concept is a good one in my opinion. High percentage blends are, initially at least, likely to come at a premium price to begin with, so taxing on volume alone is penalizing those who are taking the vanguard position on moving our economy away from foreign oil dependency. Representative Harrison and supporters should get a nice pat on the back.

Very often people "grow" into their names. I mean that in a quite literal sense. I may even have mentioned before, my cousin married her sweetheart whose last name was Blood. He chose as his profession to be a doctor. Dr. Blood doesn't happen to be a hematologist, but it certainly seems he fits the name. Less strange perhaps is that their eldest daughter is also going into medicine, another Dr. Blood.

Probably a lot less interesting to readers, but a very interesting incident in my past was that I happened to be present when renowned Hollywood stuntman and action movie director Hal Needham was talking to his staff about creating a name for a new "camera platform" they, collectively, had designed and built and were proposing to market. Now, in truth, this innovative "platform" was a truck, but like the Chapman crane (specifically used to elevate and move cameras) it needed a brand identity. Hal, wisely wanted a single word name to brand his truck. He said he wished he had a unique name like Cadillac, or Packard, but underneath, though not short of ego, he was modest enough to think that it would be difficult to sell, "the Needham". Eventually they settled on the name "Shotmaker". I don't know how many of those trucks they actually ever built and sold, but it seemed sensible at the time, and I saw the ads for years in Hollywood trade magazines.

A less fortunate case came to my attention this week. An article discussing the first shipment of product from a biodiesel plant in Wisconsin run by the Sanimax company was titled, "DeForest Biodiesel Plant Ships Load of Biodiesel." Somehow the whole idea of building a "green" energy operation in a town called "DeForest" sounds like insufficient planning, or at minimum a lack of adequate publicity to find a different regional name to be associated with its location. Okay, maybe it is just the mood I am in. My wife just got a phone call that she won a small prize in a raffle she had forgotten we entered several months ago. On the other hand, Sanimax was a "rendering" company before they began the biodiesel operation. They now use a process that has multiple feedstock sources including animal and vegetable oils to produce a projected 20 million gallons a year of ASTM spec biodiesel. So that, in itself does seem like a move in a positive direction.

I think I will save a renewed look at algae as a source for oily feedstock to the F.A.M.E. (Fatty Acid Methyl Esters) method of producing true "biodiesel" fuels. The company that has announced it is selling their American designed and constructed algae to biodiesel plants to South Africa in significant numbers has been seeking publicity of late, and it looks like they are doing a good job, whether or not they are getting the attention they deserve.

Meanwhile, I did want to mention that someone pointed me towards an environmental group's evaluation of jatropha as a "threat" to Hawaiian vegetation. (Did he really say that? Yes, he did, though that was not his opinion, just repeating what the report said.) Last time I disagreed with an environmentalist (if you've been reading my columns) you saw the result. Nevertheless, I will not be cowed when I encounter bull.

A group called "HEAR" (the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project) gave a rather nasty rating to jatropha that has been received by some folks as discouraging news to the possibility of establishing jatropha plantations on the sunny slopes of Hawaiia that might well help at least a little bit in reducing energy costs in those remote islands. The HEAR report slams Jatropha as a "highly invasive" species, and busily points out that it is considered a "weed" in several jurisdictions. Specifically, the report (originally produced by the University of Hawaii's Botany Department) says that it is "listed" as a "weed" in Western Australia, Brazil, Fiji, Honduras, India, Jamaica, Panama, Puerto Rico, and Salvador. They also go on to say that other species of jatropha are classed as weeds, "J. gowypifolia and J. eureaus are listed as common weeds in Inida [sic] and Puerto Rico respectively; Jatropha gossypifolia in northern Australia." There are other arguments against the species (although lumping other members of the genus in with jatropha curcas does seem like convicting a person based on the bad reputation of their cousins in Sicily or other foreign climes) but I will deal with those in a moment. For the present, let us consider what is the definition of a "weed"? (Let's skip the ones that say "weed" is equivalent to "maryjane".) According to Random House at Dictionary.com "weed" is defined primarily this way: "1. a valueless plant growing wild, esp. one that grows on cultivated ground to the exclusion or injury of the desired crop." Similarly, Douglas Harper's Online Etymology Dictionary has the single definition: "plant not valued for use or beauty". The hardiness of the plant is being held against it because it can become invasive, but "weed" hardly applies to the best (by volume) non-edible oil producing plant currently available. The usefulness alone disqualifies it from the category of weed. The seeds are not carried away by birds or other animals so plantation cultivated bushes/trees should hardly be a major threat to native species, especially since plantation owners would find it against their economic interests to have the stuff growing wild rather than confined to their plantations. As to the other problems that give jatropha curcas a poor rating on this U. of H. scale, they are that although it is: "(1)"Jatropha is not browsed by animals." (2)Not browsed by cattle." and therefore suitable for use as hedges to keep cattle from edible crops, they also cite it as a "danger to livestock" because it MIGHT be consumed by such livestock in times of "drought". As we all know "drought dread" is rampant among the residents of Hawaii (or perhaps just in their mental institutions and legislative buildings). In fact the "poisonous" nature of "physic nut" has only ever been known to be fatal (as far as I can find, at least) in cases where it was force fed to calves, or when eaten in large doses by unsupervised young children. It is called the "physic nut" because it is actually considered medicinal, widely used as an "emetic". An emetic causes vomiting, so the likelihood of children being able to swallow enough to be fatal before vomiting them up is nearly zero. So, if we subtract the scoring for "weediness", accept that it being "unpalatable to grazing animals" is a benefit not a hazard, and discount that seed can "easily" be spread by humans (they suggest that it can be spread by being embedded in mud on vehicles that are used in the cultivation process), the overall "noxious" score drops below the threshold of an undesirable species.

The essential difference between a cash crop and a weed is whether you can make a profit growing it. It is considered a “weed” if it doesn’t qualify to be in flower shows or sold at farmers markets. I looked at the details, and the details behind the details, and ultimately “weed” is a matter of opinion. Now that it has a USEFUL purpose, it can’t be considered a “weed”. India may have, at one time classified some species of jatropha as a weed, but it wasn’t j. curcas.

Oh, and just as a "by the way", apparently there is a new "politically correct" spelling for Hawaii that includes an apostrophe, thusly, Hawai'i. Just in case you needed to know, or needed an excuse to buy a newer world atlas.

And one final digression for your amusement, Memorial Day in the USA is looming, but other countries needed a spring holiday too, so that in Canada and Britain they celebrate what was originally a date to commemorate Queen Victoria's birthday. My father taught me a rhyme he learned as a child that went something like: The 24th of May is the Queen's birthday. If we don't get a holiday, we all run away. Well, somewhere I recently learned that May 24th is also the date that marks the death of Nicolaus Copernicus, the astronomer who first proposed the heliocentric view of the motion of the planets that got Galileo into such trouble. Isn't it interesting that this is also the weekend that cars go around in circles at the Indianapolis Speedway? Well, it amuses me.

Love,

Stafford "Doc" Williamson


Biodiesel lags behind corn ethanol as alternative fuel

Biodiesel, the alternative fuel additive, is eating the dust of corn ethanol.

Biodiesel is made primarily from soybean oil, and the price of soybeans is up as farmers put more and more land into the production of corn, the more lucrative crop of the two.

That is cutting the profit out of biodiesel production and could stunt the industry's growth for a long time to come.

A new study by economists at Iowa State University suggests the biodiesel market won't grow substantially unless the government requires its usage or adds more subsidies.

"In our projections, we can't see why anyone would build a biodiesel plant right now unless you are speculating on a biodiesel mandate," says Bruce Babcock, director of the university's Center for Agricultural and Rural Development.

Even an increase in petroleum prices, which raises the price of gasoline and conventional diesel, wouldn't help much. Farmers would plant still more corn and fewer soybeans. And that shift pushes up the price of soybeans, making biodiesel production even dicier.

Biodiesel producers are finding it harder to raise money for new plants, and some planned refineries may not be built, said Jeff Stroburg, chief executive of Renewable Energy Group Inc. of Ralston, Iowa.

The Iowa State study sees U.S. corn ethanol production growing over the next 10 years to 15 billion gallons a year, triple last year's production, under current economic projections. Ethanol production could double, to 30 million gallons, if oil prices are $10 a barrel higher than projected, the economists say.

Biodiesel production would reach just 500 million gallons a year, twice last year's sales and about 1% of U.S. diesel consumption, even with the higher petroleum prices. The study was funded by the U.S. Agriculture Department as well as agribusiness and food interests.

Producers are struggling to break even at the current cost of soybean oil, more than 30 cents a pound, economists say.

The U.S. industry also is being squeezed from other directions:

• Europe is moving as aggressively in biodiesel production as the United States is in ethanol, another factor in rising global prices for vegetable oil.

• A recent Bush administration ruling means U.S. refiners can use vegetable oil or animal fats in their diesel production and qualify for the $1-a-gallon tax credit that had exclusively gone to biodiesel. ConocoPhillips already has announced a deal to make diesel from fats generated by Tyson Foods' many slaughterhouses.


sábado, 12 de mayo de 2007

Greenpeace cuestiona las propiedades ambientales de los biocombustibles

La expansión de la soja y el maíz provocaran la masiva destrucción de los bosques

Buenos Aires, Argentina Greenpeace presentó hoy un informe titulado "Bioenergía: potenciales y riesgos" en el que describe los potenciales usos de la biomasa con objetivos energéticos y señala los riesgos asociados a los cultivos energéticos para producir biodiesel y bioetanol.

Para la organización ambientalista las crecientes expectativas globales sobre el uso de biocombustibles implicarán una nueva presión para expandir las actividades agrícolas sobre ecosistemas naturales provocando una masiva destrucción de los bosques nativos en el NOA y NEA de la Argentina.

Por esta razón una de las principales demandas incluidas en el informe es la necesidad de aprobar de manera urgente el proyecto de Ley de Bosques que actualmente se encuentra en el Senado de la Nación. "Los proyectos que hoy existen para fabricar biodiesel ya totalizan más de siete millones de hectáreas de soja, cerca de la mitad de la superficie ocupada hoy", explicó Juan Carlos Villalonga.

"Esto es apenas el comienzo, por eso es impostergable ponerle límites a la expansión de la frontera agrícola sobre los bosques", agregó el dirigente ambientalista.

En el informe se describe las dudosas ventajas de utilizar cultivos como la soja y el maíz para producir combustibles (1). Greenpeace señala la necesidad de establecer el criterio de que los biocombustibles deben garantizar una reducción de gases de efecto invernadero de al menos un 50%. Esto obligará a buscar las mejores opciones y prácticas y seleccionar los cultivos más eficaces desde la perspectiva ambiental"

Otro de los aspectos abordados en el informe es el posible impacto en los precios de los alimentos producto de la suba del precio del petróleo y la mayor demanda de biocombustibles.

El vertiginoso aumento en la producción de biocombustibles elevará los precios del maíz en un 20 por ciento para el 2010 y en un 41 por ciento para 2020. Se pronostica de igual modo que los precios de las semillas oleaginosas, entre las que se incluyen la soja, la colza y el girasol, aumenten en un 26 por ciento para el 2010 y en un 76 por ciento para el 2020, y los precios del trigo en un 11 y en un 30 por ciento para el 2010 y el 2020, respectivamente.

Al mismo tiempo se señala que la cantidad de personas que en el mundo no tienen su seguridad alimentaria garantizada aumentará a más de 16 millones cada vez que se incremente en un uno por ciento el precio real de los alimentos básicos.

Para Greenpeace el desarrollo de los biocombustibles debe concentrarse en aquello que posean las mejores condiciones ambientales y ser destinados a satisfacer la demanda interna establecida en la Ley 26.093 que coloca el objetivo del 5% para todas las naftas y el diesel vendido en el país. "Se debe desalentar las exportaciones hasta tanto no se tenga claridad en cuáles son las mejores opciones, por eso no debe promocionarse ni subsidiarse ninguna de las actividades vinculadas a la exportación de biocombustibles.

Para Greenpeace la biomasa o la bioenergía puede cumplir un rol destacada en la construcción de una oferta energética sustentable para la Argentina, donde deben priorizarse las aplicaciones estacionarias como la generación de calor o electricidad en base a biomasa. En el transporte el 5% en los combustibles sumado a fuertes medidas de eficiencia, como la transferencia de buena parte del transporte de carga hacia el ferrocarril tendrán un efecto muy importante en términos energéticos y ambientales.

Greenpeace señala también que los denominados biocombustibles de "segunda generación" pueden ser una realidad en el corto plazo y son muchísimo más eficientes y no implican demandas de tierra como los cultivos energéticos. "A partir de los residuos de las actividades agrícolas, forestales y de los residuos urbanos es posible tener una fuente muy importante de energía" destacó Villalonga.

Argentina posee hoy una participación de menos del 3% de la biomasa en su matriz energética "debemos aumentar significativamente esa proporción desplazando energías sucias, para eso es necesario y fundamental que se dejen de subsidiar a las fuentes fósiles y nuclear como aún se continúa haciendo", concluyó.

* No se diversificarán los cultivos energéticos y los actores serán cada vez más concentrados y generará una nueva etapa de un perfil agropecuario de gran escala y expulsor de población rural.

* El objetivo de asegurar un suministro energético autónomo se verá debilitado ya que estaremos exportando combustibles incorporados en la producción de los biocombustibles cuando nuestra disponibilidad de reservas fósiles comenzará a ser crítica poco después del 2010. Argentina va camino a ser un país importador de crudo y gas.

* Además estaremos exportando un combustible "limpio" que generará reducciones en los países importadores habiendo consumido energía local para producirlos y habiendo realizado emisiones de GEI localmente. Un "perfecto" MDL al revés.

* No existen certezas de cuales son las mejores opciones en términos de balance energético y balance de GEI. La ecuación óptima debemos realizarla a escala local en base a objetivos domésticos.

* No hay una política en marcha para acompañar la introducción de los biocombustibles con medidas de ahorro energético y eficiencia en el sector transporte. El potencial aporte de los biocombustibles quedará neutralizado si el sistema de transporte sigue siendo el mismo, fuertemente basado en la flota automotor.

* Perderemos la oportunidad de desarrollar aplicaciones de "segunda generación" para atender una demanda de corto plazo. Si el objetivo fuese desarrollar una matriz energética local sustentable el desarrollo de esas tecnologías debería ser una prioridad.

* Hay una focalización errónea en sólo dos aplicaciones de la bioenergía: biodiesel (soja) y Bioetanol (maíz) que resultan las menos atractivas energética y ambientalmente. Debemos enfocar el amplio abanico de aplicaciones de la bioenergía, particularmente aquellas aplicaciones estacionaras que brindan los mejores resultados.


(1) (1) Disponible en Internet aquí

martes, 8 de mayo de 2007

Biodiesel: una realidad con muchas virtudes... y algunos inconvenientes

Las limitaciones en las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero orientan la atención a un combustible menos contaminante, aunque con un coste de producción mayor y una todavía escasa implantación.

Exposición Universal de París, año 1900. El inventor alemán Rudolf Diesel presenta el primer motor diesel de la historia, que funciona con aceite de cacahuete, como un motor de aceite . Su creador pretende con ello potenciar la agricultura como fuente de energía. Pero el girasol, o los cacahuetes, son muy caros y el petróleo se impone.

Año 2007, más de un siglo después, en la UE se producen 35 millones de m3 de biocombustibles, entre los que se encuentra el biodiesel, obtenido a partir de plantas oleaginosas. El tiempo le ha dado la razón al señor Diesel, los aceites vegetales ya se utilizan como combustible y la etiqueta distintiva del biodiesel resulta ya visible en decenas de gasolineras, tanto en estado puro (el llamado B100, es decir, al 100 por cien) como mezclado con gasóleo en proporciones que oscilan entre el 10 por ciento y el 20 por ciento (los llamados B10, B15 o B20), tal como permite la legislación española de carburantes.

Distintos factores hacen que cada vez sea más importante buscar fuentes de energía renovables. El calentamiento global, la subida del petróleo, protocolos como el de Kioto y el agotamiento de los combustibles fósiles están llevando a los países a fomentar las fuentes de energía renovables y a fijarse plazos para su introducción. La legislación exige que el mercado europeo de biodiesel para transporte y calefacción alcance los 10.000 millones de litros anuales en 2010. Sin embargo, y de acuerdo a los datos de la propia Unión Europea, la capacidad de producción actual es de sólo 2.400 millones de litros anuales.

En nuestro país, y de acuerdo con los datos compilados por la Asociación de Productores de Energías Renovables (APPA), la producción de biocarburantes en España alcanzó en 2006 445.577 toneladas, de las que el 28 correspondieron a biodiesel (124.577 t). Sin embargo, las ventas de biocarburantes crecieron en 2006 a un ritmo muy inferior al de la producción, aumentando sólo un 19 por ciento respecto al año anterior, hasta llegar a las 241.849 toneladas, de las que alrededor del 21 por ciento era biodiesel (62.909 t). En términos energéticos, las ventas nacionales de biodiesel procedentes de las plantas españolas representaron únicamente una cuota de mercado del 0,23 por ciento del conjunto del gasóleo de automoción consumido en España en 2006, que rebasó los 24 millones de toneladas equivalentes del petróleo, tep.

En España hay 12 plantas que producen biodiesel y decenas de ellas se encuentran en proyecto. Sin embargo, sólo 200 de las más de 8.500 gasolineras que funcionan en nuestro país, 125 de ellas en Cataluña, ofrecen biodiesel, mientras que en Alemania y Austria este producto se comercializa ya en 1.800 gasolineras.

El biodiesel se produce a partir de aceites vegetales, vírgenes y reciclados. El aceite vegetal virgen se extrae de la semilla cultivada dejando atrás la harina de semilla que puede usarse como forraje animal. El aceite es refinado antes de incorporarlo al proceso de producción. Aunque se pueden encontrar más de trescientos tipos de oleaginosas, las más comunes en la producción de este biocarburante son la colza, la planta con mayor rendimiento de aceite por hectárea, la soja, el girasol y la palma, aunque también se pueden utilizar aceites usados, como los de fritura, que es una materia prima muy barata y además permite reciclar lo que en otro caso serían residuos.

Precisamente, las materias primas más utilizadas en nuestro país para la fabricación de biodiesel son los aceites de fritura usados y el aceite de girasol. También se están realizando pruebas con aceite de colza y con Brassica carinata, conocida como la mostaza etíope.

jueves, 3 de mayo de 2007

Lula apoya uso en Chile de biocombustibles

El gobierno del presidente brasileño Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva firmó el jueves un acuerdo con el de su anfitriona Michelle Bachelet para apoyar los esfuerzos chilenos por explorar el uso de biocombustibles.

El convenio, suscrito por los cancilleres de ambos países, fue acordado como parte de la visita de Lula a Chile, donde tras una prolongada reunión con la presidenta Bachelet en el palacio de gobierno, se renovó la "alianza estratégica" entre Brasil y Chile.

Mediante ese convenio Chile podrá acceder a la tecnología brasileña para desarrollar etanol y biodiesel.

El acuerdo propenderá a que entre el 2008 y 2009 se concreten planes en el terreno de los biocombustibles.

Fruto del amplio entendimiento entre los dos mandatarios se firmaron otros ocho convenios en diversas áreas.

En los otros convenios suscritos figura uno entre el gigante petrolero brasileño Petrobras y la petrolera estatal chilena Enap para la exploración conjunta de yacimientos petrolíferos y gasíferos en Brasil y otros países.

La declaración conjunta firmada con motivo de la breve visita de un día de Lula a Chile destaca la "creciente convergencia de enfoques y comunidad de propósitos para hacer frente a los desafíos de la globalización a través del multilateralismo y la integración regional".

Chile, que apoya la pretensión brasileña de un asiento permanente en el Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas, y Brasil tienen un intercambio comercial de siete mil millones de dólares, con un superávit para ese país de unos 1.500 millones de dólares.

Los dos gobernantes destacaron las amplias coincidencias respecto a situaciones como la mantención de una fuerza de paz en Haití, de tener una voz común latinoamericana y de la necesidad de una cohesión social.

Lula, quien trató a la presidenta chilena de "querida amiga Michelle", comprometió el apoyo brasileño para resolver los problemas energéticos de la región. "Vamos a cooperar para dar más seguridad energética", dijo.

El mandatario brasileño, quien reiteró que no tiene problemas con Venezuela y su presidente Hugo Chávez abogó extensamente por la integración latinoamericana para superar décadas de distanciamiento.

Descartó, asimismo, la formación de un "contrapeso" chileno-brasileño al presidente Hugo Chávez.

Pero enfatizó que en los próximos cuatro años de su mandato Chile puede tener la seguridad que "vamos a realizar mucho más de lo que hicimos hasta para estrechar y consolidar las relaciones entre Chile y Brasil".

Durante la intensa agenda de actividades realizada en Santiago, Lula visitó junto a Bachelet una escuela pública que lleva el nombre de su país, donde la mandataria chilena, que habla varios idiomas, sorprendió a los brasileños cantando, junto con los estudiantes, el himno nacional brasileño.

Luego de ser agasajado con un almuerzo en la sede de gobierno, Lula visitó la FAO, organismo de Naciones Unidas que emitió paralelamente a la visita del presidente brasileño un documento sobre el uso de los biocombustibles en que, de alguna manera, desvirtúa aprensiones de los mandatarios de Cuba y Venezuela.

"Los biocombustibles pueden generar riesgos, pero también muchas oportunidades de desarrollo, especialmente en las zonas rurales, así como efectos positivos para el medio ambiente y un fortalecimiento de la seguridad energética para los países y hogares", señaló el estudio de la FAO.

Agregó que "es tarea de los gobiernos desarrollar políticas para maximizar las oportunidades y minimizar los riesgos potenciales".